Do (.) "Do" is a statement; it means something like "go ahead."
......・you (?) "Do you?" is a tag question, meaning "do you (+ an implied basic verb)?"
..........・know (?) "Do you know?" asks whether the listener(s) are aware.
....................・what (?) "Do you know what?" is an interjection and audience.
............................・time (?) "Do you know what time?" asks an event time.
.....................................・it is? "Do you know what time it is?" (asks the given time or the time of an event.)
..............................................・we should be there? "Do you know what time we should be there?" asks about an expected or desirable arrival time.
.............................................・it starts? "Do you know what time it starts?" asks about the time something begins, like a movie-start-time.
.............................................・where (?) "Do you know where?" asks a location.
...........................................................・it is (?) "Do you know where it is?" asks about the placement or location of a third-person specific object.
...........................................................・we are? "Do you know where we are? asks whether the listener(s) knows the location of the the speaker, him- or her-self and the listener(s).
...........................................................・should be ? "Do you know where we should be?" asks what location the speaker and listener(s) and (an)other(s) must be in or are expected at.
....................・me? "Do you know me?" asks whether the listener(s) knows the speaker as a person or his or her identity.
....................・the Ims?* "Do you know the Ims?" asks whether the listener(s) knows the Im family. *a family name
....................・it? "Do you know it?" asks whether the listener(s) knows something that's been referenced.
....................・how (?) "Do you know how?" asks whether the listener(s) is aware of a method.
...............................・to go? "Do you know how to go?" asks whether the listener(s) are aware of a way or path or route.
....................................・do it? "Do you know how to do it? asks whether the listener(s) are aware of a specific method already referred to.
日本語訳
Do.「やって」（文脈によっては「どうぞ」）。
Do you?「あなたはそうするの？」――前に述べた動詞を受ける確認の問い。
Do you know?「知っていますか？」
Do you know what?「何だか知っていますか？」
Do you know what time?「何時か知っていますか？」
Do you know what time it is?「今何時か知っていますか？」
Do you know what time we should be there?「私たちは何時にそこへ着いているべきか知っていますか？」
Do you know what time it starts?「それが何時に始まるか知っていますか？」
Do you know where?「どこか知っていますか？」
Do you know where it is?「それがどこにあるか知っていますか？」
Do you know where we are?「私たちがどこにいるか分かりますか？」
Do you know where we should be?「私たちがどこにいるべきか分かりますか？」
Do you know me?「私のことを知っていますか？」
Do you know the Ims?「イム家の人たちを知っていますか？」（Im は姓）
Do you know it?「それを知っていますか？」
Do you know how?「やり方を知っていますか？」
Do you know how to go?「行き方を知っていますか？」
Do you know how to do it?「それのやり方を知っていますか？」
短い問いの意味は前後の文脈で変わります。原文の Do you know what? などは単独では不自然な場合があり、後ろに情報が続く途中段階の例として示しています。